Researchers are concerned about the dissertations that they were reading which had no mention of philosophy or the philosophical underpinnings of their research questions or designs. Guba & Lincoln (1994) claim that orthodox science, because of its belief in a "real" world that can be known, requires the knower to adopt a posture of objective detachment in order "to discover how things really are" (p.108).
We will call these eras of realism.So in short, ontology, epistemology and axiology used to mean different things in different times of history according to how people generally perceived the world and regarded knowledge as being created. Axiology (from Greek ἀξία, axia, "value, worth"; and -λογία, -logia) is the philosophical study of value.
The term was first used by Paul Lapie, in 1902, and Eduard von Hartmann, in 1908. Specifically, axiology is engaged with assessment of the role of researcher’s own value on all stages of the research process. There is a search for the "truth"; for the facts in objective and quantifiable terms which holds empirical data in the highest esteem.In contrast, community-based research rests on an extended epistemology that endorses the primacy of practical knowing. So community-based research is interested in investigating people’s understandings and meanings as they experience them in the world.Epistemology refers to the nature of the relationship between the knower and the what can be known. As Skolimowski (1992) states; "we always partake of what we describe so our reality is a product of the dance between our individual and collective mind and "what is there", the amorphous primordial givenness of the universe. Here's somthing.Dr. These effect research findings,Methods chosen must fit the subject matter, quantitative or qualitative,Research is value bound, the researcher is part of what is being researched, cannot be separated and so will be subjective,Small samples, in-depth investigations, qualitative,Values play a large role in interpreting results, the researcher adopting both objective and subjective points of view,Mixed or multiple method designs, quantitative and qualitative.
Ontology is a theory of being, and is usually considered part of Metaphysics (a theory of reality).
Human flourishing is valued as intrinsically worthwhile and participatory decision-making and is seen as a means to an end "which enables people to be involved in the making of decisions, in every social context, which affect their flourishing in any way" Heron, 1996, p. 11).One methodology that is particularly well suited to community-based research is co-operative inquiry (Heron, 1996; Reason, 1994).
Co-operative inquiry is a participatory action methodology that does research with people not on to or about them. Not very helpful? Guba & Lincoln made a significant contribution in articulating four differing worldviews of research - positivist, post positivist, critical, and constructivist- based on their ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. What is axiology and how does it relate to ontology and epistemology? Epistemology is a theory of knowledge. Heron and Reason (1997) argue for a fifth worldview – a participatory paradigm. Its significance lies (1) in the considerable expansion that … In contrast to orthodox research that utilizes quantitative methods in its claim to be value free (but which is more accurately described as valuing objectivity), and many qualitative approaches that value subjectivity, community based research endorses a subjective-objective stance.An subjective-objective ontology means that there is "underneath our literate abstraction, a deeply participatory relation to things and to the earth, a felt reciprocity" (Abram, 1996, p. 124).
Axiology is a theory of value. Axiology is the study of value or, more adequately, theory on the nature of value.
In community-based research, the knower participates in the known and that evidence is generated in at least four interdependent ways – experiential, presentational, propositional, and practical (Heron & Reason, 1997; Heron, 1996).In addition to considering the three defining characteristics of a research paradigm suggested by Guba and Lincoln –ontology, epistemology and methodology, - Heron and Reason argue that an inquiry paradigm also must consider a fourth factor –axiology.Axiology deals with the nature of value and captures the value question of what is intrinsically worthwhile?
Here is what they had to say about these concepts and how they relate to research (these were directly copied from their article):A paradigm is "a set of basic beliefs (or metaphysics) that deals with ultimates or first principles. Axiology in research refers to the philosophical idea that researchers insert their values into any research project and therefore have a moral... See full answer below. Community-based research is situated within this paradigm and also embraces the ideology and methodology of co-operative inquiry created by Heron & Reason (1988; 1994; 1996; 1997).A participatory paradigm rests on the belief that reality is an interplay between the given cosmos, a primordial reality, and the mind. As Heron and Reason (1997) explain, this encounter is transactional and interactive.
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