; and Gill, J.B. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Younger Volcanic Islands of Tonga, S.W. This chemical reaction has turned the ash into much harder rock, and volcanologists now believe the island will last for several decades rather than be eroded.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption began on March 16, 2009, near the island of Hunga Tonga, approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from the Tongan capital of Tongatapu. Additionally there are 4 active submarine volcanos. Local fishermen reported a tall white steam plume rising from the ocean over the undersea volcanic mount. Ian Argus Stuart survived eating nothing but seagull eggs and squid. ","'No Living Thing Left' As Tonga Volcano Erupts. "Tracing the Evolving Flux From the Subducting Plate in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc System Using Boron in Volcanic Glass. ",Ewart, A. ","'No Living Thing Left' As Tonga Volcano Erupts. "A Petrological Study of the Younger Tongan Andesites and Dacites, and the Olivine Tholeiites of Niua Fo'ou Island, S. W. ",https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-42314269/the-world-s-youngest-island,Tongan inspection team heads to undersea volcano.Gates, Keizo. ",Tongan inspection team heads to undersea volcano.Gates, Keizo. "New Tonga Eruption" Kzo.net. ",“Fire in the South Pacific: Hunga Ha'apai underwater volcano erupts to turn the sea blood red and the sky grey with ash”,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2908091/Fire-South-Pacific-Hunga-Ha-apai-underwater-volcano-erupts-turn-sea-blood-red-sky-grey-ash.html,"New Eruption at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai",Undersea eruption from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai in Tonga, South Pacific Ocean,“Tongan volcano eruption puts flights on alert”,http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11385767,“Tongan volcano creates new island: Officials”,http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Regional/2015/01/16/Tongan-volcano-creates-new-island-officials/,“Photos: Massive ash cloud in Tonga volcano eruption”,http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/photos-massive-ash-cloud-in-tonga-volcano-eruption-6219472,“New island created by underwater volcanic eruption in Tonga may soon disappear”,https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-island-created-by-underwater-volcanic-eruption-in-tonga-may-soon-disappear-9993595.html,Geo survey reports less ash coming from volcano,“Volcano eruption in Tonga declared over”,http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/264572/volcano-eruption-in-tonga-declared-over,“Volcanic eruption ends, leaving tiny ash island”,http://matangitonga.to/2015/01/26/volcanic-eruption-ends-leaving-tiny-ash-island,“First photographs emerge of new Pacific island off Tonga”,https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/tongafrenchpolynesia/11463853/First-photographs-emerge-of-new-Pacific-island-off-Tonga.html,“New Pacific Island Could Resemble Ancient Martian Volcanoes”,https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/science/mars-volcanoes-tonga-island.html,Mud, vegetation on new Pacific island baffle scientists,New Tonga island 'now home to flowers and owls',https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=フンガ・トンガ&oldid=74093430. ".The date the eruption began is uncertain. The team found no floating volcanic debris, such as pumice rafts, and the smell of volcanic gases was intermittent. March 16, 2009.Percival, Jenny. The island has also been populated by a variety of bird life. ; and Gill, J.B. "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Younger Volcanic Islands of Tonga, S.W. Pacific. Tongan officials established a zone 20 kilometres (12 mi) in diameter around the island to protect visitors from rock, ash, and acid rain.Tongan officials declared the eruption at an end on January 26.In June 2015 the millionaire entrepreneur Ian Argus Stuart became the first person to overnight on this new island formation, spending 11 nights. March 16, 2009.Percival, Jenny. フンガ・ハアパイ島から3.2km南東、フンガ・トンガ島から3km南の砂州近くでの海底火山噴火が1912年と1937年に報告されており,2017年時点の島の範囲は元フンガ・トンガ島とフンガ・ハアパイ島を含む。最初の噴火により現れた土地は西側にある、より大きいフンガ・ハアパイ島とつながり、北東にあるフンガ・トンガは,2009年3月16日、フンガ・トンガ＝フンガ・ハアパイ近くの海底火山噴火により蒸気、煙、,2014年11月から12月にかけて、トンガ北部で火山活動と一連の地震がおこり、火山活動が再び活発になった,12月19日、フンガ・トンガ＝フンガ・ハアパイで噴火が起こり、現地の漁師が海底火山から白い蒸気の柱が昇っていると目撃した。12月29日に撮影された衛星画像では煙や灰が吹き出て、海水の色が変わっている（水面下で煙と灰が噴出したか、噴火が海底にも影響を与えたためとされる）など噴火が続いていることを示した,1月19日にトンガとニュージーランドから火山を訪れた地質学者によると、噴火がそれまでの24時間内では沈静化したという。また、噴火がほぼ全て新しい島にある火口からきていることが判明したほか、蒸気雲が7から10kmに上り、火山灰や岩が200から300mの高さに上った。マグマが海面に当たって蒸気爆発を起こし、また周辺にはときどき,フンガ・トンガ＝フンガ・ハアパイの大半を構成する火山灰が周辺の暖かい海水と化学反応を起こし、灰よりはるかに硬い岩に変わったため、火山学者は島が腐食されるのではなく数十年間残ると予想するようになった。これにより、2017年までの150年間で形成された火山島が数か月以上存在する例として3例目となった,2018年10月に島を訪れた科学者は島の表面が砂利、泥と植物で覆われていることと、多くの鳥類が住んでいることを発見した。また、雨により島の侵食が予想以上に進んでいることが判明した,Clift, Peter D.; Rose, Estelle F.; Shimizu, Nobumichi; Layne, Graham D.; Draut, Amy E.; and Regelous, Marcel. "Underwater Volcano Creates New Island Off Tonga. Mr Stuart went to Hunga Tonga with the help of the Spanish explorer Alvaro Cerezo, who provides castaway experiences to remote desert islands around the planet.The volcanic ash that forms much of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai has reacted with the warm oceanic water around it. See:breached sea level in 2009 due to a volcanic eruption,"New island 'now home to flowers and owls,"Tongan Inspectors Head to Undersea Volcano. "A Petrological Study of the Younger Tongan Andesites and Dacites, and the Olivine Tholeiites of Niua Fo'ou Island, S. W. Name Elevation[1] Location Last eruption Coordinates ʻAta 382 m (1,253 ft) 22°09′S 176°11′W / 22.15°S 176.18°W / -22.15; -176.18 (ʻAta) - Curacoa −33 m (−108 ft) 15°37′S 173°40′W / 15.62°S 173.67°W / -15.62; …
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